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Les supporters sFootball is the most popular sport in the United States. In a xxxx poll conducted by Harris Interactive, professional and college football were the first and third most popular sports, respectively, and 45% of participants ranked some form of the game as their favorite sport; professional football has ranked as the most popular sport in the poll since xxxx, when it surpassed baseball for the first time.[23] The Super Bowl is the most popular single-day sporting event in the United States[20] and is among the biggest club sporting eveIn the United States, American football is referred to as 'football'.[25] The term 'football' was officially established in the rulebook for the xxxx college football season, when the sport first shifted from soccer-style rules to rugby-style rules; although it could easily have been called 'rugby' at this point, Harvard, one of the primary proponents of the rugby-style game, compromised and did not request the name of the sport be changed to 'rugby'.[26] In countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom and Australia, the terms 'gridiron' or 'American football' are favored.[27][28]nts in the world.[24]eAfter the World Cup, the most important international football competitions are the continental championships, which are organised by each continental confederation and contested between national teams. These are the European Championship (UEFA), the Copa América (CONMEBOL), African Cup of Nations (CAF), the Asian Cup (AFC), the CONCACAF Gold Cup (CONCACAF) and the OFC Nations Cup (OFC). The FIFA Confederations Cup is contested by the winners of all 6 continental championships, the current FIFA World Cup champions and the country which is hosting the Confederations Cup. This is generally regarded as a warm-up tournament for the upcoming FIFA World Cup and does not carry the same prestige as the World Cup itself. The most prestigious competitions in club football are the respective continental championships, which are generally contested between national champions, for example the UEFA Champions League in Europe and the Copa Libertadores de América in South America. The winners of each continental competition contest the FIFA CluThe governing bodies in each country operate league systems in a domestic season, normally comprising several divisions, in which the teams gain points throughout the season depending on results. Teams are placed into tables, placing them in order according to points accrued. Most commonly, each team plays every other team in its league at home and away in each season, in a round-robin tournament. At the end of a season, the top team is declared the champion. The top few teams may be promoted to a higher division, and one or more of the teams finishing at the bottom are relegated to a loweThe teams finishing at the top of a country's league may be eligible also to play in international club competitions in the following season. The main exceptions to this system occur in some Latin American leagues, which divide football championships into two sections named Apertura and Clausura (Spanish for Opening and Closing), awarding a champion for each.[74] The majority of countries supplement the league system with one or more "cup" competitions organised on a knoSome countries' top divisions feature highly paid star players; in smaller countries and lower divisions, players may be part-timers with a second job, or amateurs. The five top European leagues ? the Bundesliga (Germany), Premier League (England),[75] La Liga (Spain), Serie A (Italy), and Ligue 1 (France) ? attract most of the world's best players and each of the leagues has a total wage cost in excess of £600 million/?763 million/US$1.185 biWomen have been playing association football since the first recorded women's game in xxxx in North London. It has traditionally been associated with charity games and physical exercise, particularly in the United Kingdom.[77] This perception began to change in the xxxxs with the breakthrough of organised women's association football. Association football is the most prominent team sport for women in several countries, and one of the few women's team sports with professThe growth in women's football has seen major competitions being launched at both national and international level mirroring the male competitions. Women's football faced many struggles throughout its fight for right. It had a "golden age" in the United Kingdom in the early xxxxs when crowds reached 50,000 at some matches;[78] this was stopped on 5 December xxxx when England's Football Association voted to ban the game from grounds used by its member clubs. The FA's ban was rescinded in December xxxx with UEFA voting to officially recognise women's football in xxxx.[77] The FIFA Women's World Cup was inaugurated in xxxx and has been held every four The Bangladesh national football team (Bengali: ???????? ?????? ????? ??) is the national team of Bangladesh controlled by the Bangladesh Football Federation. It is a member of the Asian Football Confederation and has yet to qualify for the World Cup finals. They were dismissed in the first round of their only Asian Cup appearance to date in xxxx, and have been South Asian champions once, defeating the Maldives in the final via penalties, as hosts in xxxx. As is the case elsewhere on the subcontinent, top-level football in Bangladesh is played somewhere in the shadow of the country's nationaFollowing her independence from Pakistan achieved at the end of xxxx, the Bangladesh football team played its first official game on July 26, xxxx, a 2-2 draw against Thailand. During the period between July 26 and August 14, xxxx, the national team played 13 friendly matches against Asian teams, all hosted in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, resulting in 3 draws and 10 defeats. One year later, the national team played 2 more friendlies, this time in Bangkok, and were defeatedThe next official matches came in xxxx, 2 friendly games against Malaysia and India, also in Bangkok, finished once more as defeats. In January xxxx, the qualification tournament for the xxxx AFC Asian Cup began and ? surprisingly considering their previous record ? Bangladesh opened their campaign with draws against Afghanistan and Qatar. A heavy 4?0 defeat against Qatar followed, but a 4?1 win over the Afghans, the team's first ever victory, saw them qualify for the touThe xxxx AFC Asian Cup was held in September xxxx in Kuwait, and Bangladesh were grouped with defending champions Iran as well as North Korea, Syria and China. The Bangladeshis opened the tournament respectably with narrow defeats to the North Koreans (3?2) and Syrians (1?0) but were embarrassed 7?0 and 6?0 respectively by Iran and China, finishing the tournament bottom of their table with a goal difference of -15. This was the only time that Bangladesh have qualified for a major tourFrom xxxx to xxxx, the team played 8 matches, gaining 3 victories, 1 draw and 4 defeats, before failing once again to qualify for the Asian Cup, this time thanks to a 6?0 drubbing by South Korea. Two years later, the qualifying tournament for the xxxx FIFA World Cup involved 8 matches ? Bangladesh's longest ever campaign, but no more successful ? only a pair of victories over Sri Lanka prevented a complete whitewash which included 8?0 and 7?0 thrashings at the hands of Japan and United Arab Emirates respThe team's fortunes in regional competitions improved ? the SAFF Gold Cup in xxxx, held in Goa, saw Bangladesh again reach the final and lose to India, picking up another silver medal, and at xxxx South Asian Games held in Kathmandu the team finally took the extra step and won the gold medal, the first tournament win in the team's history. However, they were unable to parlay this into a successful qualification for the xxxx Asian Cup and failed to recover from an opening 6?0 thrashing Since xxxx, the team have rarely looked like qualifying for either the Asian Cup or the World Cup (with successive first-round eliminations by Tajikistan in xxxx and xxxx, but the same period has brought a tournament title being champions of SAFF Championship in xxxx as tournament host. Bangladesh won their second gold medal in South Asian Games at xxxx South Asian Games as tournament On 29 June xxxx at Bangabandhu National Stadium in Dhaka, Bangladesh beat Pakistan 3-0 in the xxxx World Cup qualifiers. They went on to play Pakistan again at Punjab Stadium, Lahore on 3 July xxxx where they drew 0-0. This allowed the Bangladesh team to move on to the second round to play against Lebanon. The first game was played in Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium, Beirut on 23 July xxxx where Bangladesh lost 4-0. The second game was played in Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka where Bangladesh won 2-0. Since Lebanon was able to score more goals out of the two games they advanced to the third round eliminating Bangladesh. Bangladesh couldn't qualify into the semifinal of xxxx SAFF Championship as they had drawn against Pakistan but lost to NAmerican football (known as football in the United States and gridiron in some other countries) is a sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field 120 yards long by 53.33 yards wide with goalposts at each end. The offense attempts to advance an oval ball (the football)[2] down the field by running with or passing it. They must advance it at least ten yards in four downs to receive a new set of four downs and continue the drive; if not, they turn over the football to the opposing team. Points are scored by advancing the ball into the opposing team's end zone for a touchdown, kicking the ball through the opponent's goalposts for a field goal or by the defense tackling the ball carrier in the offense's end zone for a safety. The team with the most points at the eAmerican football evolved in the United States, originating from the sport of rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6, xxxx between two college teams, Rutgers and Princeton, under rules resembling rugby and soccer. A set of rule changes drawn up from xxxx onward by Walter Camp, the "Father of American Football", established the snap, eleven-player teams and the concept of downs, and later rule changes legalized the forward pass, created the neutral zone and specified the size and shape of theAmerican football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States; professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. The NFL's championship game, the Super Bowl, is the most popular single-day sporting event in the United States and among the most-watched American football evolved from the sport of rugby football.[3] The first American football game was played on November 6, xxxx between Rutgers and Princeton. The game was played between two teams of 25 players each, used a round ball, and resembled a combination of rugby and soccer in its rules; the ball could not be picked up or carried, but it could be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, with the ultimate goal of advancing it into the opponent's goal. RutCollegiate play continued for several years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19, xxxx to create a standard set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified. Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed rAn xxxx Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes. These players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to "selling refrigerators to Eskimos."[5] Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to intercollegiate play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system.[6] These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until xxxx. Yale player Walter Camp, now regarded as the "Father of American Football,"[7] passed rule changes in xxxx that reduced the team size from 15 to 11 players and instituted the snap to replace the chaotic and incoThe introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected strategy changes. Previously, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position. A group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In xxxx, both contestants in a Yale-Princeton game used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records. Each team held the ball, gaining no yardage, for an entire half. This "block game" proved extremely unpopular with spectators and fans oA rule change was necessary to prevent this strategy, and a reversion to the scrum was considered until Camp passed a rule in xxxx that stated that a team would have three downs, or tackles, to advance the ball five yards. Failure to do so would forfeit control of the ball to the other team. This change made American football a separate sport from rugby, and the resulting five-yard lines added to the field made it resemble a gridiron in appearance. Other major rules changes included a reduction of the field size to 110 yards long by 53.33 yards wide, and the adoption of a scoring system that awarded four points for a touchdown, two for a safety and a goal following a touchdown, and five for a goal from field. The last major remnant of rugby was removed in xxxx, when tackling below the waist Football remained a violent sport despite these innovations. Dangerous mass-formations like the flying wedge resulted in serious injuries and occasional deaths among players.[8] A xxxx peak of 19 fatalities nationwide resulted in a threat by President Theodore Roosevelt to abolish the game unless major changes were made.[9] Sixty-two schools met in New York City to discuss rule changes on December 28, xxxx, and these proceedings resulted in the formation of the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States, later named the National Collegiate Athletic AssoThe legal forward pass was introduced in xxxx after its suggestion by John Heisman, although its impact was limited due to the restrictions placed on its use. Further xxxx rules changes included the reduction of the time of play from 70 to 60 minutes and the increase of the distance requirement for a first down to 10 yards over three downs. To reduce infighting and dirty play between teams, the neutral zone was created along the width of the football.[11] Field goals were lowered to three points in xxxx[12] and touchdowns raised to six points in xxxx.[12] The field was also reduced to 100 yards long, but two 10-yard-long end zones were created, and teams were given four downs instead of three to advance the ball 10 yards.[13] The roughing-the-passer penalty was implemented in xxxx, and eligible players were first allowed to catch the ball anywhere on theThe first instance of professional play in American football was on November 12, xxxx, when William "Pudge" Heffelfinger was paid $500 to play a game for the Allegheny Athletic Association in a match against the Pittsburgh Athletic Club. This is the first recorded instance of a player being paid to participate in a game of American football, although many athletic clubs in the xxxxs offered to help players attain employment, gave out trophies or watches that players would pawn for money, or paid double in expense money. Despite these extra benefits, the game had a strict sense of amateurism at the time, and direct payment to players was frowned upon, if not outrigOver time, professional play became increasingly common, and with it came rising salaries and unpredictable player movement, as well as the illegal payment of college players who were still in school. The National Football League (NFL), a group of professional teams that was originally established in xxxx as the American Professional Football Association, aimed to solve these problems. This new league's stated goals included an end to bidding wars over players, prevention of the use of college players, and abolition of the practice of paying players to leave another team.[16] The NFL by xxxx had established itself as the premier professional fThe dominant form of football at the time was played at the collegiate level, but the upstart NFL received a boost to its legitimacy in xxxx when an NFL team, the Pottsville Maroons, defeated a team of Notre Dame all-stars in an exhibition game.[18] A greater emphasis on the passing game helped professional football to further distinguish itself from the college game during the late xxxxs.[16] Football in general became increasingly popular following the xxxx NFL Championship game, a match between the Baltimore Colts and the New York Giants that is still referred to as the "Greatest Game Ever Played". The game, a 23?17 overtime victory by the Colts, was seen by millions of television viewers and had a major impact on the popularity of the sport. This helped football to become the most popular sport in the United States by A rival, the American Football League (AFL), arose in xxxx and challenged the NFL's dominance. The AFL began in relative obscurity but survived for several years due to a television contract with the ABC network. Competition for players heated up in xxxx, when the AFL New York Jets signed rookie Joe Namath to a then-record US $437,000 contract. A five-year, $40 million NBC television contract followed, which helped to sustain the young league. The bidding war for players ended in xxxx, when the two leagues agreed on a merger that would take full effect in xxxx. This agreement provided for a common draft that would take place each year, and it instituted an annual championship game to be played between the champions of each league. That game began play in xxxx and came to be known as theCollege football maintained a tradition of postseason bowl games. Each bowl game would be associated with a particular conference, and earning a spot in a bowl game was the reward for winning a conference. This arrangement was profitable, but it tended to prevent the two top-ranked teams from meeting in a true national championship game, as they would normally be committed to the bowl games of their respective conferences. Several systems have been used since xxxx to determine a national champion of college football. The first was the Bowl Coalition, in place from xxxx to xxxx. This was replaced in xxxx by the Bowl Alliance, which gave way in xxxx to the Bowl Championship Series (BCS).[21] The BCS arrangement has been controversial, and will be replaced in xxxx by a four-team playoff system.[22] Super Bowl.[20]the mid-xxxxs.[19]ootball league.[17]ht illegal.[15] field in xxxx.[14]ciation (NCAA).[10]was legalized.[6]f both teams.[6]nsistent scrum.[6]unning with the ball.[5]gers won the game 6-4.[4][5]club sporting events in the world. football.nd of a game wins.epal and Maldives in group stage.host.[1][2]by Uzbekistan.ectively.nament.rnament. twice more.l cricket team.years since.[79]ional leagues.llion.[76]ck-out basis.r division.[73]b World Cup.[72] rThe leThe major international competition in football is the World Cup, organised by FIFA. This competition takes place over every four years. Approximately 190?200 national teams compete in qualifying tournaments within the scope of continental confederations for a place in the finals. The finals tournament, which is held every four years, involves 32 national teams competing over a four-week period.[67] The most recent tournament, the xxxx FIFA World Cup, was held in South Africa from 11 June to 11 July, the first to be held on the African contThere has been a football tournament at every Summer Olympic Games since xxxx, except at the xxxx games in Los Angeles.[69] Before the inception of the World Cup, the Olympics (especially during the xxxxs) had the same status as the World Cup. Originally, the event was for amateurs only;[18] however, since the xxxx Summer Olympics, professional players have been permitted, albeit with certain restrictions which prevent countries from fielding their strongest sides. Currently, the Olympic men's tournament is played at Under-23 level. In the past the Olympics have allowed a restricted number of over-age players per team;.[70] A women's tournament was added in xxxx; in contrast to the men's event, full international sides without age restrictions play the women's Olympic tournament.[71]inent.[68]ngth of the pitch for international adult matches is in the range of 100?110 m (110?120 yd) and the width is in the range of 64?75 m (70?80 yd). Fields for non-international matches may be 90?120 m (100?130 yd) length and 45?90 m (50?100 yd) in width, provided that the pitch does not become square. Although in xxxx, the IFAB initially approved a fixed size of 105 m (344 ft) long and 68 m (223 ft) wide as a standard pitch dimension for A international matches,[47] this decision was later put on hold and was never actualThe longer boundary lines are touchlines, while the shorter boundaries (on which the goals are placed) are goal lines. A rectangular goal is positioned at the middle of each goal line.[49] The inner edges of the vertical goal posts must be 7.32 m (8 yd) apart, and the lower edge of the horizontal crossbar supported by the goal posts must be 2.44 m (8 ft) above the ground. Nets are usually placed behind the goal, but are not required byIn front of each goal is an area known as the penalty area. This area is marked by the goal line, two lines starting on the goal line 16.5 m (18 yd) from the goalposts and extending 16.5 m (18 yd) into the pitch perpendicular to the goal line, and a line joining them. This area has a number of functions, the most prominent being to mark where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a penalty foul by a member of the defending team becomes punishable by a penalty kick. Other markings define the position of the ball or players at kick-offs, goal kicks, penalty kicks anA standard adult football match consists of two periods of 45 minutes each, known as halves. Each half runs continuously, meaning that the clock is not stopped when the ball is out of play. There is usually a 15-minute half-time break between halves. The end of the match is known as full-time.[52] The referee is the official timekeeper for the match, and may make an allowance for time lost through substitutions, injured players requiring attention, or other stoppages. This added time is most commonly referred to as stoppage time or injury time, while loss time can also be used as a synonym. The duration of stoppage time is at the sole discretion of the referee. The referee alone signals the end of the match. In matches where a fourth official is appointed, toward the end of the half the referee signals how many minutes of stoppage time he intends to add. The fourth official then informs the players and spectators by holding up a board showing this number. The signalled stoppage time may be further extended by the referee.[52] Added time was introduced because of an incident which happened in xxxx during a match between Stoke and Aston Villa. Trailing 1?0 and with just two minutes remaining, Stoke were awarded a penalty. Villa's goalkeeper kicked the ball out of the ground, and by the time the ball had been recovered, the 90 minutes had elapsed and the game was over.[53] The same law also stands that the duration of either half is extended until the penalty kick to be taken or retaken is completed, thus no game shall end with a penalty to bIn league competitions, games may end in a draw. In knockout competitions where a winner is required various methods may be employed to break such a deadlock, some competitions may invoke replays.[55] A game tied at the end of regulation time may go into extra time, which consists of two further 15-minute periods. If the score is still tied after extra time, some competitions allow the use of penalty shootouts (known officially in the Laws of the Game as "kicks from the penalty mark") to determine which team will progress to the next stage of the tournament. Goals scored during extra time periods count toward the final score of the game, but kicks from the penalty mark are only used to decide the team that progresses to the next part of the tournament (with goals scored in a penalty shootout not making up part of the finalIn competitions using two-legged matches, each team competes at home once, with an aggregate score from the two matches deciding which team progresses. Where aggregates are equal, the away goals rule may be used to determine the winners, in which case the winner is the team that scored the most goals in the leg they played away from home. If the result is still equal, extra time and potentially a penalty shootout aIn the late xxxxs and early xxxxs, the IFAB experimented with ways of creating a winner without requiring a penalty shootout, which was often seen as an undesirable way to end a match. These involved rules ending a game in extra time early, either when the first goal in extra time was scored (golden goal), or if one team held a lead at the end of the first period of extra time (silver goal). Golden goal was used at the World Cup in xxxx and xxxx. The first World Cup game decided by a golden goal was France's victory over Paraguay in xxxx. Germany was the first nation to score a golden goal in a major competition, beating Czech Republic in the final of Euro xxxx. Silver goal was used in Euro xxxx. Both these experiments have been discontinuA foul occurs when a player commits an offence listed in the Laws of the Game while the ball is in play. The offences that constitute a foul are listed in Law 12. Handling the ball deliberately, tripping an opponent, or pushing an opponent, are examples of "penal fouls", punishable by a direct free kick or penalty kick depending on where the offence occurred. Other fouls are punishable by an indiThe referee may punish a player's or substitute's misconduct by a caution (yellow card) or dismissal (red card). A second yellow card at the same game leads to a red card, and therefore to a dismissal. A player given a yellow card is said to have been "booked", the referee writing the player's name in his official notebook. If a player has been dismissed, no substitute can be brought on in their place. Misconduct may occur at any time, and while the offences that constitute misconduct are listed, the definitions are broad. In particular, the offence of "unsporting behaviour" may be used to deal with most events that violate the spirit of the game, even if they are not listed as specific offences. A referee can show a yellow or red card to a player, substitute or substituted player. Non-players such as managers and support staff cannot be shown the yellow or red card, but may be expelled from the technical area if they fail to conduct themselves in a responsible Rather than stopping play, the referee may allow play to continue if doing so will benefit the team against which an offence has been committed. This is known as "playing an advantage".[62] The referee may "call back" play and penalise the original offence if the anticipated advantage does not ensue within "a few seconds". Even if an offence is not penalised due to advantage being played, the offender may still be sanctioned for misconduct at theAlong with the general administration of the sport, football associations and competition organisers also enforce good conduct in wider aspects of the game, dealing with issues such as comments to the press, clubs' financial management, doping, age fraud and match fixing. Some on-field incidents, if considered very serious (such as allegations of racial abuse), may result in further action than that which is in power of an on-field referee.[65] Some associations allow for appeals against player suspensions incurred on-field if clubs feel a referee was incorrect or undSanctions for such infractions may be levied on individuals or on to clubs as a whole. Penalties may include fines, points deductions (in league competitions) or even expulsion from competitions. For example, the English and Scottish leagues will often deduct 10 points from a team that enters financial administration. Among other administrative sanctions are penalties against game forfeiture. Teams that had forfeited a game or had been forfeited against would be awarded a technical loss or win.uly harsh. next stoppage of play.[63]manner.[32]rect free kick.[32]ed by IFAB.[56]re required.[30] score).[30]e taken.[54]d corner kicks.[51] the Laws.[50]ly implemented.[48]L'attaLThe primary law is that players other than goalkeepers may not deliberately handle the ball with their hands or arms during play, though they do use their hands during a throw-in restart. Although players usually use their feet to move the ball around, they may use any part of their body (notably, "heading" with the forehead)[31] other than their hands or arms.[32] Within normal play, all players are free to play the ball in any direction and move throughout the pitch, though the ball cannot be received iIn typical game play, players attempt to create goal-scoring opportunities through individual control of the ball, such as by dribbling, passing the ball to a team-mate, and by taking shots at the goal, which is guarded by the opposing goalkeeper. Opposing players may try to regain control of the ball by intercepting a pass or through tackling the opponent in possession of the ball; however, physical contact between opponents is restricted. Football is generally a free-flowing game, with play stopping only when the ball has left the field of play or when play is stopped by the referee for an infringement of the rules. After a stoppage, play recommences with a specified resAt a professional level, most matches produce only a few goals. For example, the xxxx?06 season of the English Premier League produced an average of 2.48 goals per match.[35] The Laws of the Game do not specify any player positions other than goalkeeper,[36] but a number of specialised roles have evolved. Broadly, these include three main categories: strikers, or forwards, whose main task is to score goals; defenders, who specialise in preventing their opponents from scoring; and midfielders, who dispossess the opposition and keep possession of the ball in order to pass it to the forwards on their team. Players in these positions are referred to as outfield players, in order to distinguish them from the goalkeeper. These positions are further subdivided according to the area of the field in which the player spends most time. For example, there are central defenders, and left and right midfielders. The ten outfield players may be arranged in any combination. The number of players in each position determines the style of the team's play; more forwards and fewer defenders creates a more aggressive and offensive-minded game, while the reverse creates a slower, more defensive style of play. While players typically spend most of the game in a specific position, there are few restrictions on player movement, and players can switch positions at any time.[37] The layout of a team's players is known as a formation. Defining the team's formation and tactics is usually the prerogative of thThere are 17 laws in the official Laws of the Game, each containing a collection of stipulation and guidelines. The same laws are designed to apply to all levels of football, although certain modifications for groups such as juniors, seniors, women and people with physical disabilities are permitted. The laws are often framed in broad terms, which allow flexibility in their application depending on the nature of the game. The Laws of the Game are published by FIFA, but are maintained by the International Football Association Board (IFAB).[39] In addition to the seventeen laws, numerous IFAB decisions and other directives contribute to the regulationEach team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding substitutes), one of whom must be the goalkeeper. Competition rules may state a minimum number of players required to constitute a team, which is usually seven. Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to play the ball with their hands or arms, provided they do so within the penalty area in front of their own goal. Though there are a variety of positions in which the outfield (non-goalkeeper) players are strategically placed by a coach, these positions are not defined or required by tThe basic equipment or kit players are required to wear includes a shirt, shorts, socks, footwear and adequate shin guards. An athletic supporter and protective cup is highly recommended for male players by medical experts and professionals.[40][41] Headgear is not a required piece of basic equipment, but players today may choose to wear it to protect themselves from head injury. Players are forbidden to wear or use anything that is dangerous to themselves or another player, such as jewellery or watches. The goalkeeper must wear clothing that is easily distinguishable from that worn by the other players and the matcA number of players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of the game. The maximum number of substitutions permitted in most competitive international and domestic league games is three, though the permitted number may vary in other competitions or in friendly matches. Common reasons for a substitution include injury, tiredness, ineffectiveness, a tactical switch, or timewasting at the end of a finely poised game. In standard adult matches, a player who has been substituted may not take further part in a match.[43] IFAB recommends that "that a match should not continue if there are fewer than seven players in either team." Any decision regarding points awarded for abandoned games is left to the individual footAs the Laws were formulated in England, and were initially administered solely by the four British football associations within IFAB, the standard dimensions of a football pitch were originally expressed in imperial units. The Laws now express dimensions with approximate metric equivalents (followed by traditional units in brackets), though popular use tends to continue to use traditional units in English-speaking countries with a relatively recent history of metrication (or only partial metrication), such as Britain.[46]ball associations.[44]h officials.[42]he Laws.[36] of football.e team's manager.[38]tart.[34]n an offside e français, comme c'est le cas en général dans le domaine sportif258, a conservé le terme d'origine. Ce n'est pas le cas dans les autres langues où ont été forgés des termes à consonances locales, du Fussball allemand, au Fútbol espagnol en passant par le Voetbal néerlandais ou le Futebol portugais. En Italie, on adopte en xxxx le terme de calcio en référence à l'ancien jeu du calcioLes nations sud-américaines dominent longtemps cette discipline, puis l'Europe met en place des structures spécifiques permettant l'émergence d'une élite qui s'impose au plus haut niveau. Ainsi, trois pays européens figurent parmi les quatre demi-finalistes de la dernière édition de la Coupe du monde Le football de plage ou beach soccer est un sport qui s'apparente au football et qui se pratique sur du sable de plage. Il met aux prises deux équipes de cinq joueurs, pouvant être remplacés à tout moment, en trois tiers-temps de douze minutes sur un terrain de 28 × 37 mètres. La première Coupe du monde a lieu en xxxx. Cette épreuve et cette discipline dépendent de la FIAssociation football, commonly known as football or soccer, is a sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries, making it the world's most popular sport.[1][2][3][4] The game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by using any part of the body besides the arms and hands to get the football into the opposThe goalkeepers are the only players allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play and then only in their penalty area. Outfield players mostly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, but may use their head or torso to strike the ball instead. The team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is tied at the end of the game, either a draw is declared or the game goes into extra time and/or a penalty shootout depending on the format of the competition. The Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in xxxx. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA; French: Fédération Internationale de Football Association) which organises a World Cup eTwo of the earliest recorded football type games from Europe include Episkyros[6][7] from Ancient Greece and the Roman version Harpastum,[6] which similar to pre-codified "Mob Football" involved more handling the ball than kicking.[8] Many earlier competitive games revolving around the kicking of a ball have been played in a few countries throughout history, such as cuju in China.[9] Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan and woggabaliri in Australia. The modern rules of association football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England. The history of football in England dates back to at least the eigThe Cambridge Rules, first drawn up at Cambridge University in xxxx, were particularly influential in the development of subsequent codes, including association football. The Cambridge Rules were written at Trinity College, Cambridge, at a meeting attended by representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury schools. They were not universally adopted. During the xxxxs, many clubs unconnected to schools or universities were formed throughout the English-speaking world, to play various forms of football. Some came up with their own distinct codes of rules, most notably the Sheffield Football Club, formed by former public school pupils in xxxx,[11] which led to formation of a Sheffield FA in xxxx. In xxxx, John Charles Thring of Uppingham School also devised an influential sThese ongoing efforts contributed to the formation of The Football Association (The FA) in xxxx, which first met on the morning of 26 October xxxx at the Freemasons' Tavern in Great Queen Street, London.[13] The only school to be represented on this occasion was Charterhouse. The Freemason's Tavern was the setting for five more meetings between October and December, which eventually produced the first comprehensive set of rules. At the final meeting, the first FA treasurer, the representative from Blackheath, withdrew his club from the FA over the removal of two draft rules at the previous meeting: the first allowed for running with the ball in hand; the second for obstructing such a run by hacking (kicking an opponent in the shins), tripping and holding. Other English rugby clubs followed this lead and did not join the FA and instead in xxxx formed the Rugby Football Union. The eleven remaining clubs, under the charge of Ebenezer Cobb Morley, went on to ratify the original thirteen laws of the game.[13] These rules included handling of the ball by "marks" and the lack of a crossbar, rules which made it remarkably similar to Victorian rules football being developed at that time in Australia. The Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the xxxxs with the FA absorbing some of its rules until there was little difference betweenThe laws of the game are currently determined by the International Football Association Board (IFAB).[15] The Board was formed in xxxx[16] after a meeting in Manchester of The Football Association, the Scottish Football Association, the Football Association of Wales, and the Irish Football Association. The world's oldest football competition is the FA Cup, which was founded by C. W. Alcock and has been contested by English teams since xxxx. The first official international football match took place in xxxx between Scotland and England in Glasgow, again at the instigation of C. W. Alcock. England is home to the world's first football league, which was founded in Birmingham in xxxx by Aston Villa director William McGregor.[17] The original format contained 12 clubs from the Midlands and Northern England. FIFA, the international football body, was formed in Paris in xxxx and declared that they would adhere to Laws of the Game of the Football Association.[18] The growing popularity of the international game led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to the International Football Association Board in xxxx. The board currently consists of four representatives from FIFA and one representative from each of the four British assToday, football is played at a professional level all over the world. Millions of people regularly go to football stadiums to follow their favourite teams,[20] while billions more watch the game on television or on the internet.[21] A very large number of people also play football at an amateur level. According to a survey conducted by FIFA published in xxxx, over 240 million people from more than 200 countries regularly play football.[22] Football has the highest global television audienceIn many parts of the world football evokes great passions and plays an important role in the life of individual fans, local communities, and even nations. R. Kapuscinski says that people who are polite, modest or even humble in Europe fall easily into rage with playing or watching soccer games.[24] The Côte d'Ivoire national football team helped secure a truce to the nation's civil war in xxxx[25] and it helped further reduce tensions between government and rebel forces in xxxx by playing a match in the rebel capital of Bouaké, an occasion that brought both armies together peacefully for the first time.[26] By contrast, football is widely considered to have been the final proximate cause for the Football War in June xxxx between El Salvador and Honduras.[27] The sport also exacerbated tensions at the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars of the xxxxs, when a match between Dinamo Zagreb and Red Star Belgrade degenerated into riotiThe rules of association football were codified in England by the Football Association in xxxx and the name association football was coined to distinguish the game from the other forms of football played at the time, specifically rugby football. The term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the xxxxs as an Oxford "-er" abbreviation of the word "assAssociation football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game. The game is played using a spherical ball (of 71 cm (28 in) circumference in FIFA play), known as the football (or soccer ball). Two teams of eleven players each compete to get the ball into the other team's goal (between the posts and under the bar), thereby scoring a goal. The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw. Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game: to be involved in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks.[30]ociation".[29]ng in May xxxx.[28] in sport.[23]ociations.[19] the games.[14]et of rules.[12]hth century.[10]very four years.[5]ing goal.FA depuis xxxx.FIFA en xxxx. florentin259.que la plus courante contre le football est la professionnalisation. Cette critique fait son apparition dès xxxx et l'adoption du professionnalisme en Angleterre. Les réticences sont importantes notamment en France, aujourd'hui encore, et en Allemagne jusqu'aux années xxxx. Pour mémoire, le cyclisme, professionnel depuis les années xxxx, n'a jamais subi ce type d'attaques en France. La FFF, elle-même, n'est pas très à l'aise avec cette situation, et refuse de reconnaître l'existence du semi-professionnalisme. Elle préfère ainsi nommer ses championnats nationaux semi-professionnels (du National au CFA2) d'« amateEncore aujourd'hui, nombre d'auteurs considèrent que « le football est une maladie251 ». Des auteurs comme le sociologue Jean-Marie Brohm et l'architecte-philosophe Marc Perelman252 perpétuent cette école avec des ouvrages aux titres évocateurs : Le football, une peste émotionnelle : Planète des singes, fête des animaux (xxxx), Les intellectuels et le football. Montée de tous les maux et recul de la pensée (xxxx) ou Le football, une peste émotionnelle : La barbarie desLa Football Association, fédération anglaise de football fondée à Londres en xxxx, prend à son compte le terme générique de football. Elle comprend, il est vrai, en son sein des clubs suivant des règles très différentes ; Blackheath RC, notamment, qui milite pour l'usage des mains et l'autorisation du placage. L'unification des règles menée par la FA, qui marque la période allant de xxxx à xxxx place Blackheath dans une position isolée. Le club londonien quitte alors la FA et part créer en xxxx la Football Rugby Union. Le nom de cette fédération est clair : fédération du football selon les règles dites de rugby. Ainsi, dès xxxx, deux formes de football sont codifiées et disposent d?instances dirigeantes. Ces deux sports essaiment dans le monde entier et donnent naissance à des variantes américaine, australienne, gaélique ou canadienne. Débute alors un débat sur les noms à donner à ces difféCes débats touchent essentiellement les anglophones, qui utilisent deux termes pour nommer le jeu : football et soccer254. Soccer n'est officiellement en usage que dans trois pays : États-Unis, Canada et Samoa, les trois seules fédérations nationales anglophones qui reprennent le terme de soccer et non de football dans leur nom. Ce terme argotique pour les autres anglophones est toutefois parfois employé, notamment dans la presse. Il est ainsi d'emploi très courant en Afrique du Sud et plus rare au Royaume-Uni. À noter qu'aux États-Unis, le terme soccer remplace progressivement celui de football association dans le nom de la fédération nationale. De xxxx, date de sa fondation, à xxxx, la fédération américaine a pour nom United States Football Association, puis jusqu'en xxxx elle porte le nom de United States Soccer Football Association. Elle adopte alors le nom de United States SocCes problèmes de dénominations ne touchent pas exclusivement les pays donnant naissance à des football locaux. Ainsi, en France, la peur panique des paris, du professionnalisme et de la montée en puissance des pouvoirs des clubs provoquent un boycott de cette discipline par l'USFSA. Pour cette dernière, le seul football qu'elle reconnaît est celui de la variante de rugby car les instances anglaises de cette discipline étaient parvenues à interdire l?adoption du professionnalisme. Aussi, le terme football fait plutôt référence en France au rugby jusqu'au début du XXe siècle257. Pour le football, on utilise depuis xxxx, et la reconnaissance tardive de cette discipline par l'USFSA, les termes de « Football Association » ou plus simplement « Association ». On joue ainsi à l'« Assoce » en France à la Belle Époque. On retrouve dans certains journaux de province le terme « Association » jusque dans les années xxxx. Du côté fédéral, la Fédération française adopte le nom de Fédération française de football association à sa création en xxxx à la suite de l'éclatement de la structure omnisports de l'USFSA. Dans le milieu du football, pourtant, le terme de football est utilisé seul pour nommer le jeu. Le magazine spécialisé Football, créé en xxxx, puis la FFFA qui devient FFF à la Libération ne font que suivre cette évolution. Le rugby a, il est vrai, éclaté en deux sports différents, à XV ou à XIII, tandis que les autres variantes sont perçues comme exotiques en Europe et dans les pays francophones, Canada excepté. Elles sont donc nommées selon leur origine : football américain, football australien, football gaélique et football canadien.cer Federation.rents sports. stades (xxxx)253.urs ».eLe football suscite de violentes oppositions. À l'époque de la soule, nombre de clercs menacent ceux qui pratiquent cette discipline d'excommunication244. Comme déjà indiqué, la bonne société anglaise n'a jamais vraiment admis cette discipline trop populaire. Le football est aussi attaqué au niveau de ses principes de jeu et est longtemps surnommé « sport de paralytiques » en France par ses opposants245. Nombre de pays refusent de reconnaître cette discipline à ses débuts, lui préférant le rugby et le cyclisme (France) ou la gymnastique (Allemagne). Dès xxxx, pourtant, le football compte en France plus de clubs et de licenciés que le rugby, défendu par les élites. L'USFSA multiplie ainsi les vexations contre le football, et programme en xxxx le match international de football France-Angleterre en lever de rideau d'un match du championnat de France de rugby246. Dans l'Almanach des sports de xxxx, Frantz Reichel, figure emblématique de l'USFSA, écrit : « Le Français dégénéré va plus volontiers à l'Association ; dans vingt ans, seul le Rugby triomphera. »247 après avoir noté que « la race anglaise est au commencement de sa dégénérescence (...) ; je ne veux pour l'instant pour seule preuve de cette dégénérescence que le goût qui entraîne athlètes et spectateurs au football association. »248. Reichel note que l'Association « triomphe »249 désormais sur le Rugby, mais il ne lui consacre que peu d'espace dans sa notice intitulée « Football », de fait, presque entièrement consacrée au Rugby250.groLes recettes aux guichets restent l'élément essentiel du budget des clubs jusqu'aux années xxxx. Les droits payés par la télévision représentent depuis lors entre un tiers et deux tiers des budgets des clubs. La publicité constitue également un poste important des recettes, notamment depuis la fin des années xxxx. La publicité sur les maillots est autorisée en France en octobre xxxx après une tentative avortée en xxxx : la Ligue voulait imposer à tous les clubs le même partenaire. Le Nîmes Olympique et l'Olympique de Marseille sont les premiers clubs professionnels français à arborer une publicité sur leurs maillots217. L'UEFA autorise les publicités sur les maillots en coupes d'Europe des clubs à partir de xxxx, sauf pour les finales où l'interdit est levé en xxxx. La FIFA interdit en revanche les publicités sur les maillots des Les montants financiers sont importants et les déficits de certains clubs peuvent également atteindre des montants records. La santé financière des clubs constitue un double enjeu : assurer leur pérennité et éviter le dopage financier, c'est-à-dire acheter une équipe à crédit. La France a mis en place au milieu des années xxxx la DNCG qui a pour mission de contrôler les comptes financiers des clubs professionnels avec le pouvoir de les reléguer, d'interdire un club de promotion ou de limiter leur masse salariale. Longtemps en déficit chronique, les clubs de Ligue 1 présentent des comptes bénéficiaires depuis xxxx : plus de 42 millions d'euros de bénéfice net en xxxx-xxxx sur les 20 clubs de Lxxxx. Souvent évoquée, une DNCG européenne reste à créer afin d'éviter certaines dérives220. L'introduction des clubs en bourse est une évolution récente ne touchant que quelques rares clubs. À la fin de la saison xxxx-xxxx, 11 clubs anglais, 5 Danois, 4 Turcs, 4 Italiens, 3 Portugais, 2 Français, 1 Écossais, 1 Néerlandais, 1 Suédois et 1 Allemand étaientLes clubs ou collectivités propriétaires des stades ne pouvant pas faire face à certains travaux louent le nom du stade à un sponsor. Cette forme de publicité existe déjà en France avant la Première Guerre mondiale avec le Stade du Matin, futur stade olympique de Colombes, qui porte le nom du journal quotidien parisien Le Matin de xxxx à xxxx222. En xxxx, cette pratique est réintroduite par les Américains, et elle touche l'Europe à partir de xxxx avec le nouveau stade des Bolton Wanderers baptisé Reebok Stadium. La FIFA admet mal cette innovation, et à l'occasion de la Coupe du monde xxxx en Allemagne, les noms des stades ne comprenaient officiellement aucun nom de sponsor alors que leur construction fut en partie financée par cette voie223. En France, le premier contrat de naming est signé en xxxx au Mans pour son stade, nommé MMArena, qui a été inauguré le samedi 29 janvier xxxx par une victoire 3-0 du Mans face L'organisation de rencontres entraîne également toutes sortes de retombées économiques ne concernant pas directement le club ni même le monde du football. Auxerre, petite ville moyenne française, doit en grande partie sa notoriété, en France comme à l'étranger, à son équipe de football224. L'AJ Auxerre est un véritable ambassadeur de la ville, qui profite de plus de retombées directes en matière d'hôtellerie et d'activités accrues pour les cafés-restaurants. De même, l'organisation d'une Coupe du monde ou d'un Euro, permet à une nation (ou un binôme comme c'est le cas en Suisse-Autriche pour l'Euro xxxx) de procéder à une efficace campagne de promotion et de s'équiper en stades mais aussi en moyens de transports ou en hôtels. Les conséquences sur la hausse du PNB restent discutées, mais l'Organisation mondiale du tourisme met en avant la Coupe du monde pour expliquer la hausse importante du tourisme international en Allemagne eSelon Alfred Wahl : « Au niveau le plus modeste, celui du village, l'association sportive constitue un champ d'affrontement entre notables car elle peut devenir un marchepied pour l'accession au pouvoir227 ». Le match de football opposant le Dynamo de Peppone à La Gaillarde de Don Camillo dans le film Le Petit Monde de Don Camillo (xxxx) illustre sur le ton de l'humour cette situation. L'existence de plusieurs clubs rivaux dans la même ville appartient en général au passé, notamment dans les villes moyennes. Certaines grandes cités sont parvenues à conserver plusieurs clubs de même niveau, sauf en France, où les autorités ont veillé, dès les années xxxx, à appliquer la règle : « un club, Les derniers exemples français de clubs de même niveau localisés dans la même ville sont ceux de Vannes (Vannes OC est le résultat de la fusion des deux clubs historiques de la ville en xxxx) et La Roche-sur-Yon (idem pour La Roche VF en xxxx). Dans ces cas, il s'agit de fusion entre un club issu d'un patronage catholique et d'un club s'affichant comme laïc. Cette opposition née en France au début du XXe siècle a masqué les oppositions classiques droite/gauche que l'on retrouve dans le reste de l'Europe continentale. En France, quand les « Rouges » affrontaient les « Blancs », il s'agissait d'un match opposant laïcs et catholiques ; ailleurs, comme dans l'exemple de Don Camillo, il était plutôt question d'une opposition gauche/droite, même si l'Église était le plus souvent derrière les clubs « Blancs ». Le seul club professionnel français issu d'un patronage catholique est l'AJ Auxerre. Son rival local, le laïc Stade auxerrois existe toujours, mais évolue en championnaLa présence d'un seul club dans une ville pose d'autres problèmes, comme la municipalisation du club, avec toutes les dérives possibles à ce niveau. Les communes possèdent généralement les installations sportives et ont longtemps eu droit de vie ou de mort sur les clubs en accordant ou en refusant des subventions. La montée en puissance des droits versés par la télévision permet aux clubs professionnels de s'émanciper un peu, mais le problème reste entier au niLes revendications religieuses ont aussi leur droit de cité dans le football. En Irlande du Nord, le principal club de Belfast, Linfield FC est composé exclusivement de joueurs protestants. Pendant longtemps, ses matches contre Cliftonville FC, club situé en plein quartier catholique, se jouaient pour raison de sécurité sur terrain neutre à Windsor Park229. À la suite de la multiplication des incidents à domicile et à l'extérieur, le club catholique de Derry City Football Club joue désormais dans le championnat d'Irlande. La situation est également tendue à Glasgow entre les protestants du Glasgow Rangers et les catholiques dLe football a souvent servi de vecteur aux sentiments nationalistes. Beaucoup de régimes totalitaires ou autoritaires l?ont utilisé en tant que moyen de propagande. Benito Mussolini a ainsi promu l'équipe d'Italie au rang de « soldats de la cause nationale229 ». Les fascistes italiens sont pourtant clairement hostiles au football, trop anglais, à leur arrivée au pouvoir. Ils tentent ainsi de lui substituer le jeu local de la Volata ; sans succès231. Les dirigeants soviétiques, à l'image de Mussolini, ne sont pas franchement férus de football, mais exploitent le filon à partir des années xxxx après avoir mis la main via l'armée, la police et le KGB sur les principaux clubs de la capitale dès les années En xxxx, un match de football marque ainsi le coup d'envoi d'une guerre connue sous le nom de Guerre du football ou guerre de Cent Heures. En match de barrage pour accéder à la phase finale de la Coupe du monde xxxx, le Salvador s'impose 3-2 face au Honduras. Dans la foulée de cette victoire, le Salvador envahit le Honduras afin de régler un ancien conflit frontalier. Cette courte guerre fait plus de 2 000 morts et ne règle pas le prLe football peut également servir de médiateur diplomatique comme ce fut notamment le cas en xxxx lors de la Coupe du monde en France à l'occasion du match du groupe F opposant l'équipe des États-Unis à celle d'Iran238 ? match remporté 2-1 par l'Iran ? ou en xxxx quand la Coupe du monde se tient conjointement en Corée du Sud et au Japon. Ne voulant pas trancher entre ces deux nations historiquement rivales, la FIFA a en effet décidé, contre toute logique sportive, de leur confier l'organisation de cette Coupe du monde afin de favoriser lLes dates de sélection des premiers joueurs noirs en équipe nationale européenne sont significatives : xxxx en Écosse (cas isolé), xxxx en France et au Pays de Galles, xxxx au Portugal, xxxx en Suisse, xxxx aux Pays-Bas, xxxx en Allemagne, xxxx en Angleterre, xxxx en Belgique, xxxx en Espagne, xxxx en Pologne et xxxx en Italie241. De plus, les réactions à certaines de ces premières sont difficiles pour nombre de joueurs. Viv Anderson, sélectionné en xxxx pour porter le maillot de l'équipe d'Angleterre, reçoit non seulement des menaces de mort, mais doit aussi subir tout au long de sa carrière des chants racistes descendant des tribunes. Ces derniers, tel « Everton are White », restent courants dans les stades anglais jusqu'à la fin des années xxxx242. La situation est clairement plus paisible en France pour les Raoul Diagne et autres Larbi Ben Barek dans les anSous le régime communiste, le stade de football reste l'un des rares espaces où peut s'exprimer la contestation contre le régime. En effet, se déclarer supporter de tel ou tel club a alors une signification politique majeure tandis que les chants des supporters contre les clubs dirigés par le parti communiste et ses divers organes politico-militaro-industriels étaient autant de cris d'opposition au régime. Certains joueurs refusent même de jouer pour ces clubs. Eduard Streltsov, le « Pelé russe », refuse de quitter le populaire Torpedo Moscou pour le CSKA Moscou ou le Dynamo. Il effectue alors sept années de détention dans les goulags. À sa sortie, il remporte le titre de champion d'URSS xxxx avec le Torpedo en forme de pied de nez au régime243.nées xxxx.eur réconciliation239.oblème entre les voisins235.xxxx-xxxx232.u Celtic FC.veau amateur.t de Bourgogne.une ville ».n xxxx (+9,6 %)225.à l'AC Ajaccio. côtés en bourse221.équipes nationales.upent rapidement au sein de fan-clubs. Dès la fin du XIXe siècle, de tels groupes existent déjà au Royaume-Uni. Ils sont généralement sous l'autorité directe du club. Ce sont des clubs de supporters dits « officiels ». L'un des principaux buts de ces associations est de collecter de l'argent pour leur club. Depuis la création du mouvement des Torcida au Brésil dans les années xxxx, certains groupes de supporters deviennent indépendants du club et prétendent même mériter des subventions de sa part. C'est la base du mouvement dit « ultra ». La culture ultra est très développée en Amérique latine et commence à toucher l'ex-Yougoslavie en Europe à partir de xxxx183. Ce mouvement se propage via l'Italie à partir des années xxxx. La vague ultra atteint la France au milieu des années xxxx. Si la majorité de ces groupes affiche un pacifisme réel, la violence n'est pas étrangère au mouvement ultra. Les codes utilisés ne sont toutefois pas les mêmes que ceux en usage chez les hooligans britanniques, plus individualistes, et donc totalement étrangers aux rivalités opposant certains groupes au sein de mêmes clubs. Après le drame du Heysel, le terme de hooligan devient synonyme de barbare. Un mouvement plus radical d'inspiration britannico-allemando-néerlandaise, les hools, prend pourtant le relais. Ces derniers utilisent souvent la violence à des fins purement privées, sans liens réels avec le club. Certains auteurs désignent du terme de hooligan tous les supporters violents, alors qu'il existe plus qu'une nuance entre un supporter lambda devenant subitement violent et une prisExclue des compétitions européennes à la suite du drame du Heysel, l'Angleterre est la première nation à édicter des règles strictes pour lutter contre la violence. Malgré cette volonté et l'arsenal juridique qui l'accompagne, le problème perdure en Angleterre en marge des rencontres et dans les divisions inférieures. Après avoir testé la bunkérisation des stades avec la mise en place de grillages et autres herses pour canaliser la foule, les autorités préfèrent aujourd'hui traiter le problème en amont en interdisant de stade les supporters violents permettant l'abandon d'une attitude défensive et très agressive, encore de rigueur dans de nombreuses nations, qui donnent à certains stades l'apparence de zones de guerre. On considère souvent que la France, qui reste relativement peu touchée par ces phénomènes violents, ne traite pas efficacement le problème[réf. nécessaire]. Clubs, police, justice et autorités politiques se renvoient la balle[réf. nécessaire]. En Italie, où le mouvement ultra violent est très actif, les autorités sont souvent perçues comme mal armées pour faire face au phénomène184. Idem en Espagne, notamment[réf. nécessaire]. En Amérique du Sud, où est né le mouvement ultra, on assiste depuis plusieurs décennies à une radicalisation des supporters[réf. nécessaire]. La répression est aussi féroce qu'inefficace avec des groupes de Barra BDe même, on reproche souvent aux dirigeants de faire perdurer les actions racistes de certains supporters par leur passivité[réf. nécessaire]. Au début du XXIe siècle, on remarque ainsi qu'une grande partie des supporters interdits de stade en France186 ou en Belgique187, par exemple, le sont pour des tentatives d'introduction de fumigènes dans les enceintes. Si le joueur de Valenciennes Abdeslam Ouaddou n'avait pas attiré l'attention sur le supporter messin faisant usage répété d'insultes racistes à son encontre le 16 février xxxx, celui-ci n'aurait jamais été inquiété. Il est finalement interpellé à la sortLe plus souvent pacifiques et festives, les invasions de terrains à la fin de certains matches donnant notamment un titre sont également très spectaculaires. Pour des raisons de sécurité, ce type de manifestation devient rare. D'autres invasions de terrains, bien moins festives, se produisent exceptionnellement à l'occasion de certaines rencontres, en plein match. Ce fut notamment le cas lors du match France-Algérie du 6 octobre xxxx au Stade de France. Le match fut définitivement arrêté à un quart d'heureAprès avoir compté parmi les plus violents supporters, les fans écossais sont devenus plus pacifiques depuis les années xxxx190. Des études ont montré une importante différence d'âge entre les fans violents et ceux qui sont festifs : 23 ans en moyenne pour les fans anglais lors de l'Euro xxxx contre 31 ans aux Danois191. 15 % des supporters danois étaient des femmes contre seulement 2 % chez les Anglais191. Certains clubs disposent également de publics d'une fidélité à toute épreuve malgré des résultats médiocres depuis plusieurs générations. On citera pour l'exemple Newcastle UFC Le football entre dans la presse généraliste puis la presse omnisports dès le XIXe siècle. Certains titres refusent toutefois de traiter de ce sport aux racines trop populaires ; The Field (créé en xxxx) qui traite principalement de sports « nobles » comme le tennis, le golf, le sport hippique et la chasse n'ouvre ainsi ses colonnes au football que pour le dénigrer. Même son de cloche en France avec le quotidien L'Auto qui multiplie les unes sur le rugby mais refuse d'accorder au football sa première page jusqu'à la Grande GUne presse sportive moins guindée voit le jour à l'extrême fin du siècle, et ces titres accordent une large place au football. Cette presse enregistre toujours de solides tirages au début du XXIe siècle avec des périodicités quotidiennes, hebdomadaires ou mensuelles. Parmi les grands titres de la presse omnisports quotidienne, citons A Bola, O Jogo et Record au Portugal, La Gazzetta dello Sport, Tuttosport et Corriere dello Sport - Stadio en Italie, Marca et As en Espagne, Olé en Argentine et L'Équipe en France. Il faut attendre l'entre-deux-guerres pour assister à l'apparition d'une presse spécialisée. Ainsi, en France, outre l'hebdomadaire Le Football Association, organe officiel de la FFFA créé le 4 octobre xxxx, le premier titre dédié exclusivement au football est l'hebdomadaire Football (xxxx-xxxx) qui affiche fièrement en en-tête « Le plus fort tirage des hebdomadaires de football du monde entier ». Ce titre fait office de référence jusqu?à la Seconde Guerre mondiale. France football lui succède aLa presse écrite joue un rôle majeur dans la médiatisation du jeu, mais également dans l'organisation de compétitions, notamment en France. Hachette est ainsi le « soutien indispensable193 » de la fédération française lors des dix premières éditions de la Coupe de France. Le quotidien Le Petit Parisien prend le relais pour les dernières éditions de la Coupe avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale194 et devient également le partenaire des premières éditions du championnat de France professionnel. La Coupe des clubs champions européens est créée par le quotidien français L'Équipe en xxxx. Dans un premier temps, la jeune UEFA (fondée en xxxx) ne s'oppose pas à cette organisation privée, mais la FIFA, redoutant la privatisation des organisations, pousse l'UEFA à prendre à son compte une épreuve dont le tirage au sort du premier tour avait dLes clubs possèdent des médias écrits de longue date, programme de match au premier chef. The Celtic View196, hebdomadaire traitant uniquement de l'actualité du club écossais du Celtic FC est édité depuis xxxx. Nombre d'autres clubs se dotent ensuite d'hebdomadaires ou de mensuels ou sont traités par des titres de presse plus ou moins indépendants des clubs. L'AS Roma est à ce jour le seul club traité par un quotidien spécialisé : Il Romanista197, dont le numéro un sort le 10 septembre xxxx. Ce titre est diffusé à 10La radio couvre le football dès les années xxxx198. En Italie, la première retransmission d'un match à la radio a lieu le 6 octobre xxxx199. En Belgique, Adrien Milecamp assure en xxxx le commentaire du premier match radiodiffusé dans le royaume (Belgique-Angleterre du 11 mai)200. Georges Briquet, le « roi des radio-reporters201 » qui débute sa carrière en xxxx, est la grande voix française des sports et du football jusqu'aux années xxxx. C'est lui qui crée le concept des dimanches après-midi « sport et musique » juste après la Seconde Guerre mondiale202. L'arrivée de la télévision modifie la donne, mais ne condamne pas la radio qui s'adapte et met en place des multiplex203 et des émissions de débats à propos Le 16 septembre xxxx, la BBC diffuse un match d'entraînement entre Arsenal et sa réserve204. Arsenal est choisi en raison de sa proximité avec les studios de télévision de l'Alexandra Palace. Mis à part des tentatives allemandes à l'occasion des Jeux olympiques durant l'été xxxx puis du match Allemagne - Italie le 15 novembreLes relations entre le football et la télévision restent longtemps conflictuelles. Matt Busby, entraîneur de Manchester United, réclame ainsi en xxxx pour ses joueurs les mêmes égards qu'ont les vedettes de cinéma : « Les footballeurs doivent être payés sur leur valeur. Pas de rétribution, pas de télévision205 ». Cette position est adoptée en Angleterre et en France, et malgré quelques tentatives de diffusions et de crises retentissantes, les stades de football restent généralement inaccessibles aux caméras de télévision. Ceci concerne exclusivement les clubs, qui remportent finalement ce bras de fer avec la télévision durant les années xxxx (xxxx en Angleterre et xxxx en France) quand les diffuseurs acceptent d'abandonner la politique du dédommagement et acceptent de payer le « spectacle football » à son juste prix. Les équipes nationales ne sont pas concernées par ce débat car les matches sont généralement retransmis depuis le début des années xxxx. La Coupe du monde xxxx est la première édition couvertPayant désormais fort cher les droits de retransmission des rencontres, certains diffuseurs deviennent exigeants en matière de calendrier notamment pour l'étalement des journées de championnat pour permettre la diffusion de plusieurs rencontres. Mais le football devient également un enjeu majeur en matière de concurrence. Les chaînes qui possèdent ces droits s'imposent comme des leaders : Sky au Royaume-Uni, TF1 etLes prix des droits sont élevés, mais les taux d'audience atteignent des records. Ainsi, sur les onze meilleures audiences de la télévision française depuis xxxx (création de Médiamat), on compte dix matches de football et un de rugby à XV207. De même, au niveau international, la Coupe du monde xxxx est diffusée par 376 chaînes de télévision à travers le monde pour une audience cumulée de 26,29 milliards de téléspectateurs pour 52 matches, soit une audience moyenne par match de 506 millions deL'arrivée de la télévision n'a pas que des conséquences financières. La diffusion de rencontres engendre des problèmes au niveau du jeu lui-même et de sa perception par les médias et le public, en pointant notamment les erreurs d'arbitrage209. Ce phénomène n'est pas nouveau. Dès les années xxxx, déjà, certains matches déclenchent des vagues de protestations importantes. Le 2 mars xxxx, la chaîne unique française diffuse le match retour de la Coupe des clubs champions européens : Real Madrid - OGC Nice, dont l'arbitrage douteux à l'avantage des Espagnols choque de très nombreux téléspectateurs210. Au lieu de jouer un rôle de médiateur, les médias français jettent de l'huile sur le feu, hier comme aujourd'hui, plaçant les arbitres dans des situations compliquées. Et du « Monsieur Foote, vous êtes un salaud ! Quel scandale cet arbitrage, c?est invraisemblable ! Jamais vu un individu pareil, il devrait être en prison et pas sur un terrain de football » lancé par Thierry Roland lors du match Bulgarie-France de xxxx à l'encontre de l'arbitre211, aux campagnes de dénigrement systématique marquant les premières années du XXIe siècle, la télévision française s'est particulièrement illustrée par son manque de fair-play, qui englobe également le respect des décQuelques clubs possèdent leurs propres chaînes de télévision. Middlesbrough FC est le premier club anglais à se doter d'un tel outil. Boro TV opère de xxxx212 à xxxx213. Parmi les autres chaînes de télévision de clubs, citons OM TV, OL TV, Inter Channel, Milan Channel, Roma Channel, Manchester United TV, Real Madrid TV et Barça TV notamment. D'autres clubs se contentent de diffuser matches, résumés et reportages via leurs siteLe football se transforme en business dès le milieu des années xxxx au Royaume-Uni214. Les importantes recettes enregistrées aux guichets permettent de financer la professionnalisation des championnats et la construction de stades. Si les maillots restent longtemps vierges de toute publicité, le stade est très vite doté de panneaux publicitaires tandis que les produits dérivés, des programmes de matches aux gadgets aux couleurs des clubs, apparaissent également dès la fin du XIXe siècle en Grande-Bretagne. Au niveau des affluences, la première saison du championnat d'Angleterre (xxxx-xxxx) affiche 4 639 spectateurs de moyenne par match215. La barre des 10 000 spectateurs de moyenne est franchie avant la fin du XIXe siècle, celle des 20 000 avant la Première Guerre mondiale216.s internet.isions de l'arbitre. téléspectateurs208. Canal+ en France.e par la télévision206. xxxx, c'est une première.de l'actualité du jeu. 000 exemplaires.éjà eu lieu195.près la Libération.uerre192.en Angleterre. de la fin189.ie du stade188.ravas ultra violents185.e de tribune adverse.
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